{"id":1689,"date":"2017-07-07T08:55:17","date_gmt":"2017-07-07T06:55:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/hayaenergy.com\/?p=1689"},"modified":"2021-01-22T14:25:49","modified_gmt":"2021-01-22T13:25:49","slug":"quand-le-marche-de-capacite-depassera-les-bornes-frontieres","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hayaenergy.com\/fr\/quand-le-marche-de-capacite-depassera-les-bornes-frontieres\/","title":{"rendered":"Quand le march\u00e9 de capacit\u00e9 d\u00e9passera les bornes\u2026 fronti\u00e8res"},"content":{"rendered":"

Depuis d\u00e9cembre dernier, un march\u00e9 de capacit\u00e9 a \u00e9t\u00e9 mis en place en France. Cette r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration des capacit\u00e9s de production par les consommateurs de pointe, qui \u00e9tait pr\u00e9vue d\u00e8s 2010 par la Loi NOME, a \u00e9t\u00e9 accord\u00e9e par L\u2019Europe \u00e0 la condition expresse que les acteurs transfrontaliers puissent y participer. L’article 4.3 de la directive sur la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 des approvisionnements (2005\/89 \/ CE) stipule en effet que \u00ab les \u00c9tats membres ne doivent pas faire de discrimination entre les contrats transfrontaliers et Contrats nationaux \u00bb.<\/p>\n

Cette participation transfrontali\u00e8re \u00e0 un m\u00e9canisme europ\u00e9en de r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration des capacit\u00e9s constituerait une premi\u00e8re (le m\u00e9canisme de capacit\u00e9 britannique ne pr\u00e9voit la participation des interconnexions qu\u2019\u00e0 compter de livraison 2019). Ce nonobstant, RTE a diligemment lanc\u00e9 le mois dernier une consultation sur la participation transfrontali\u00e8re au march\u00e9 de capacit\u00e9 Fran\u00e7ais, qui pr\u00e9voit une application d\u00e8s l\u2019ann\u00e9e de livraison 2019. Au risque d\u2019en essuyer les pl\u00e2tres ?<\/p>\n

Une volont\u00e9 d\u2019int\u00e9gration europ\u00e9enne des m\u00e9canismes de r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration des capacit\u00e9s\u2026<\/u><\/em><\/p>\n

Les efforts europ\u00e9ens d’int\u00e9gration de march\u00e9 se sont jusqu’\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent focalis\u00e9s sur la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 et l’efficacit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique \u00e0 l\u2019horizon court terme : le day-ahead, l\u2019intraday et, plus r\u00e9cemment, le m\u00e9canisme de r\u00e9serve (voir<\/a>).<\/p>\n

Les m\u00e9canismes de r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de la capacit\u00e9, lorsqu\u2019ils sont envisag\u00e9s, le sont avec peu de coordination en s\u2019appuyant presque essentiellement sur le mix de production domestique, dans le but principal de maintenir un syst\u00e8me \u00e9lectrique fiable et autonome ; Une approche battue en br\u00e8che par l\u2019Union Europ\u00e9enne, au motif qu\u2019elle appara\u00eet en contradiction avec une conception r\u00e9gionale de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 de l’approvisionnement. La Commission pr\u00e9voit d\u2019ailleurs l\u2019encadrement strict des m\u00e9canismes de capacit\u00e9, et en particulier de les conditionner aux r\u00e9sultats des \u00e9tudes d\u2019ad\u00e9quation r\u00e9alis\u00e9es au niveau europ\u00e9en par l\u2019association des gestionnaires de r\u00e9seau de transport (GRT), ENTSO-E<\/p>\n

Pour l\u2019UE, les m\u00e9canismes garantissant l’ad\u00e9quation de la production devraient \u00eatre ouverts \u00e0 toutes les capacit\u00e9s susceptibles de contribuer efficacement au niveau de fiabilit\u00e9 requise, y compris les capacit\u00e9s des autres \u00c9tats membres. Un principe qui ne s\u2019appliquera pourtant pas avant 2019 au m\u00e9canisme de capacit\u00e9 en vigueur au Royaume Uni depuis\u2026 2013.<\/p>\n

Des \u00e9cueils techniques<\/u><\/em><\/p>\n

Si les mod\u00e8les de CM mis en \u0153uvre jusqu’\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent dans l’UE ne permettent pas une participation transfrontali\u00e8re explicite, c\u2019est en partie parce qu\u2019afin d’inclure la g\u00e9n\u00e9ration d’un syst\u00e8me voisin dans un m\u00e9canisme de capacit\u00e9, le gestionnaire de r\u00e9seau de transport du pays qui met en place le march\u00e9 de capacit\u00e9s devrait s’assurer que, dans les conditions de p\u00e9nurie, les ressources \u00e9trang\u00e8res sont en mesure de r\u00e9aliser leur engagement d’approvisionnement physique li\u00e9 \u00e0 la capacit\u00e9 m\u00e9canisme. RTE est plus r\u00e9aliste pour cette participation explicite : les ressources \u00e9trang\u00e8res n\u2019auraient qu\u2019\u00e0 d\u00e9montrer leur disponibilit\u00e9 lors des p\u00e9riodes de p\u00e9nurie.<\/p>\n

En effet, ainsi que le rel\u00e8ve l\u2019IRENA, la plupart des lois sur l’\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 et les codes des r\u00e9seaux nationaux en vigueur dans les \u00c9tats membres contiennent toujours des clauses qui soutiennent que les exportations vers d’autres pays seront interrompues en cas d’urgence domestique d’approvisionnement. La lev\u00e9e de cette premi\u00e8re barri\u00e8re suppose une modification coordonn\u00e9e des codes r\u00e9seau et des proc\u00e9dures d’exploitation nationales (et r\u00e9gionales) par les TSO.<\/p>\n

Des interrogations sur le co\u00fbt pour le consommateur fran\u00e7ais<\/u><\/p>\n

Le passage d\u2019un mod\u00e8le de participation des moyens transfrontaliers d\u2019implicite \u00e0 explicite ne devrait pas changer le prix d\u2019\u00e9quilibre, car l\u2019\u00e9quilibre offre demande devrait \u00eatre pr\u00e9serv\u00e9 [le surcro\u00eet d\u2019offre devant \u00eatre compens\u00e9 par un surcro\u00eet de demande li\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019augmentation du coefficient de s\u00e9curit\u00e9].<\/p>\n

Un param\u00e8tre sensible pourrait \u00eatre le coefficient de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 de 93% qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 appliqu\u00e9 aux capacit\u00e9s transfrontali\u00e8res, pour int\u00e9grer la contribution implicite des interconnexions au risque de d\u00e9faillance. A prix de la capacit\u00e9 constant, si les participations transfrontali\u00e8res explicites faisaient passer ce coefficient de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 de 93% \u00e0 98%, le cout du m\u00e9canisme de capacit\u00e9 pour le consommateur fran\u00e7ais augmenterait de 5%. Par contre, une partie du revenu compl\u00e9mentaire que constitue le m\u00e9canisme sera transf\u00e9r\u00e9 des acteurs fran\u00e7ais vers des acteurs transfrontaliers.<\/p>\n

In fine, une partie de ce revenu sera r\u00e9cup\u00e9r\u00e9e par le gestionnaire de r\u00e9seaux via les tickets de r\u00e9servation de capacit\u00e9 de transport transfrontali\u00e8re. Si ces tickets captent une part importante de la valeur de la capacit\u00e9, le consommateur pourrait s\u2019y retrouver.<\/p>\n

Un mille-feuille de m\u00e9canismes<\/u><\/em><\/p>\n

Mais le probl\u00e8me est plus encore li\u00e9 \u00e0 la disparit\u00e9 des politiques \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques Europ\u00e9ennes, entre m\u00e9canismes de redistribution ou de d\u00e9sengagement du nucl\u00e9aire, subventions h\u00e9t\u00e9roclites des \u00e9nergies renouvelables selon les Etats membres, diff\u00e9rentiels de march\u00e9s \u00e9lectriques (spread France-Espagne ou France Italie) ou modalit\u00e9s d\u2019acc\u00e8s aux capacit\u00e9s d\u2019acc\u00e8s aux interconnexions. Comment coordonner des signaux de prix aussi diff\u00e9rents pour assurer la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 r\u00e9seau au moindre co\u00fbt financier et environnemental ?<\/p>\n

Or l\u2019exp\u00e9rience des march\u00e9s de capacit\u00e9 a montr\u00e9 que l\u2019imbrication des dispositifs de soutien introduisait des distorsions de march\u00e9, et conduisait \u00e0 des surprises de taille. Ainsi la Nouvelle Angleterre qui s\u2019est vu contrainte de mettre en place un prix \u00ab seuil \u00bb de participation \u00e0 son march\u00e9 de capacit\u00e9, visant \u00e0 emp\u00eacher les capacit\u00e9s non rentables ou subventionn\u00e9es (renouvelables) de fausser les prix du march\u00e9, en fixant un niveau de prix au-dessous duquel les nouveaux entrants doivent d\u00e9montrer leurs co\u00fbts ou se retirer de l’ench\u00e8re de capacit\u00e9. On encore plus r\u00e9cemment au Royaume-Uni, en d\u00e9cembre 2016, o\u00f9 les CCGT ont \u00e9t\u00e9 surclass\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019ench\u00e8re T4 par des petites unit\u00e9s, tirant les prix \u00e0 la baisse bien en dessous des niveaux attendus, et entra\u00eenant les \u00e9missions polluantes \u00e0 la hausse !<\/p>\n

De belles cogitations en perspective<\/u><\/em><\/p>\n

La participation transfrontali\u00e8re au m\u00e9canisme de capacit\u00e9, bien que tr\u00e8s limit\u00e9e en volume par l\u2019interconnexion, viendra donc compliquer un peu plus la lisibilit\u00e9 d\u2019un signal prix du march\u00e9 de capacit\u00e9 en France d\u00e9j\u00e0 bien opaque. Mais elle tissera surtout un lien entre les signaux d\u2019investissement Europ\u00e9ens. A l\u2019heure o\u00f9 d\u2019autres pays, dont l\u2019Allemagne, envisagent de se tourner plut\u00f4t vers un m\u00e9canisme de r\u00e9serve \u00ab strat\u00e9gique \u00bb (i.e. soutenant les seuls moyens de production d\u00e9j\u00e0 install\u00e9s), assurer la coh\u00e9rence de tous ces m\u00e9canismes et leur convergence vers un mix \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique Europ\u00e9en soutenable rel\u00e8vera bient\u00f4t de l\u2019\u00e9quilibrisme.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Depuis d\u00e9cembre dernier, un march\u00e9 de capacit\u00e9 a \u00e9t\u00e9 mis en place en France. Cette r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration des capacit\u00e9s de production par les consommateurs de pointe, qui \u00e9tait pr\u00e9vue d\u00e8s 2010 par la Loi NOME, a \u00e9t\u00e9 accord\u00e9e par L\u2019Europe \u00e0 la condition expresse que les acteurs transfrontaliers puissent y participer. L’article 4.3 de la directive […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3853,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[31],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nQuand le march\u00e9 de capacit\u00e9 d\u00e9passera les bornes\u2026 fronti\u00e8res - Haya Energy Solutions<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/hayaenergy.com\/fr\/quand-le-marche-de-capacite-depassera-les-bornes-frontieres\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Quand le march\u00e9 de capacit\u00e9 d\u00e9passera les bornes\u2026 fronti\u00e8res - Haya Energy Solutions\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Depuis d\u00e9cembre dernier, un march\u00e9 de capacit\u00e9 a \u00e9t\u00e9 mis en place en France. 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